2022 №73(3)

№ 73

С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е
C O N T E N T S

Российская государственность
Russian Statehood

Конюченко А.И. Социальный состав и малая родина первопоселенцев Челябинской крепости (по материалам переписи 1739 – 1740 годов)
Konyuchenko A.I. The Social Composition and Native Lands of the First Settlers of the Chelyabinsk Fortress (According to the Population Census of 1739 – 1740)

Конюченко Андрей Иванович – докт. ист. наук, профессор, Челябинский государственный университет (Челябинск)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8973-8241
konan6262@mail.ru

В XVIII в. Российская империя продолжала переживать интенсивные колонизационные процессы, в ее состав включались новые территории и новые этносы, происходили преобразования территориально-административного устройства, шли поиски более эффективных способов управления новыми территориями. На Южном Урале появлялись новые для России территориально-административные единицы (дистрикты и провинции), укреплялись существующие и создавались новые военные формирования, включая иррегулярные (казачьи). Этому способствовала активная деятельность Оренбургской экспедиции, которая проходила в обстановке башкирского восстания 1735–1740 гг. Усилиями руководящего состава экспедиции были основаны крепости, которые строились по пути следования обозов с продовольствием к месту строительства Оренбурга. В крепостях размещались армейские гарнизоны, иррегулярные войска и крестьяне, которые были переведены в казаки и составили ядро постоянных жителей этих крепостей. Одной из них стала Челябинская крепость. В 1739–1740 гг. в Челябинской крепости была проведена перепись жителей. В переписи указывались главы и члены семей, сословная принадлежность, возраст, места предыдущего проживания, уплата подушной подати. На основании опубликованных материалов переписи в статье рассматривается социальный состав первых жителей Челябинской крепости, которые были записаны в казаки, места рождения глав семей и одиноких людей, не имевших семьи, и маршруты их путей в Челябинскую крепость.

Колонизация, Южный Урал, Оренбургская экспедиция, Челябинская крепость, миграция, переселение, налогообложение, крестьянство, казачество, перепись населения, топоним.

Andrey I. Konyuchenko – Doctor of History, Professor, Chelyabinsk State University (Chelyabinsk, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8973-8241
konan6262@mail.ru

In the 18th century the Russian Empire continued to experience intensive colonization processes, with new territories and new ethnic groups being included in it, the territorial and administrative structure being transformed, and more effective ways of administering new territories being sought. In the Southern Urals, territorial and administrative units, such as districts and provinces emerged, which were novel for Russia, whereas the existing ones were strengthened and new military formations, including irregular (Cossack) ones, were created. This was facilitated by the intensive activity of the Orenburg Expedition, which occurred in the atmosphere of the Bashkir uprising of 1735–1740. Due to the efforts of the expedition's leadership, fortresses were founded, which were built along the route of food convoys to the construction site of Orenburg. The fortresses housed army garrisons, irregular troops and peasants, who were transferred to the Cossacks, forming the core of the permanent residents of these fortresses. One of them was the Chelyabinsk fortress. In 1739–1740, a census of residents was conducted in the Chelyabinsk fortress. The census indicated the heads and members of families, class affiliation, age, places of previous residence, and the payment of the capitation tax. Based on the published census materials, the article examines the social composition of the first residents of the Chelyabinsk fortress who were registered as Cossacks, the places of birth of the heads of the families and single people who did not have a family, and their routes to the Chelyabinsk fortress.

Colonization, Southern Urals, Orenburg expedition, Chelyabinsk fortress, migration, resettlement, taxation, peasantry, Cossacks, population census, toponym.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Bondarenko, T.V. Arkhitekturnye osobennosti formirovaniya ploshchadey na territorii gorodov-krepostey Zapadnoy Sibiri (poslednyaya tret XVII – poslednyaya tret XVIII veka) [Architectural Features of Squares Formation in Towns-Fortresses of Western Siberia (The Last Third of the 17th – the Last Third of the 18th Centuries).]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kulturologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, 2013, no. 2-2 (28), pp. 29–31. (In Russian).
2. Bolokhina, N.I. and Suzdaltseva, I.A. Rol gorodov-krepostey v uprochenii rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v Dagestane v XVIII veke [Towns-Fortresses Role in Russian Statehood Strengthening in Dagestan in the 18th Century.]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kulturologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, 2017, no. 8 (82), pp. 43–46. (In Russian).
3. Bukanova, R.G. Goroda-kreposti v sisteme upravleniya yugo-vostochnoy okrainoy Rossii v XVIII veke [City-Fortresses in the System Management of South-Eastern Edge of Russia in the 18th Century.]. Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2012, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 24–27. (In Russian).
4. Mayorova, A.S. Obshchestvenno-kulturnaya sreda uezdnykh gorodov Saratovskoy gubernii: Goroda-kreposti v kontse XVIII – pervoy polovine XIX veka [Socio-Cultural Environment of Saratov Province District Towns: Fortress-Cities in the Late 18th and the First Half of the 19th Centurits.]. Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2012, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 27–34. (In Russian).
5. Mironov, B.N. Gorod iz derevni: chetyresta let rossiyskoy urbanizatsii [Town out of Village: Four Hundred Years of Russian Urbanization.]. Otechestvennye zapiski, 2012, no. 3 (48), pp. 259–276. (In Russian).
6. Shemelina, D.S. Rol tipovogo proekta v rekonstruktsii krepostey Gorkovskoy linii 1765 g. [The Role of Standard Project in Reconstruction of “Gorkovskaya Line” Fortresses Built in 1765.]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitelnogo universiteta, 2010, no. 1 (26), pp. 64–78. (In Russian).

(Monographs)

7. Bakhrushin, S.V. Ocherki po istorii kolonizatsii Sibiri v XVI i XVII vekakh [Essays on the History of Colonization of Siberia in the 16th and 17th Centuries.]. Moscow, 1927, 199 p. (In Russian).
8. Indova, E.I. Dvortsovoe khozyaystvo v Rossii: Pervaya polovina XVIII v. [The Economy of Imperial Holdings in Russia: The First Half of the 18th Century.]. Moscow, 1964, 352 p. (In Russian).
9. Kondrashenkov, A.A. Krestyane Zauralya v XVII – XVIII vekakh: Chast 1. [The Peasants of the Trans-Urals in the 17th – 18th Centuries.]. Chelyabinsk, 1966, vol. 1, 174 p. (In Russian).
10. Kondrashenkov, A.A. Krestyane Zauralya v XVII – XVIII vekakh: Chast 2. [The Peasants of the Trans-Urals in the 17th – 18th Centuries.]. Chelyabinsk, 1969, vol. 2, 276 p. (In Russian).
11. Oborin, V.A. Zaselenie i osvoenie Urala v kontse XI – nachale XVII v. [Settlement and Development of the Urals in the late 11th – Early 17th Centuries.]. Irkutsk, 1990, 166 p. (In Russian).
12. Samigulov, G.Kh. Ot Dalmatova monastyrya do Chebarkulskoy kreposti [From Dalmatov Monastery to Chebarkul Fortress.]. Chelyabinsk, 2011, 344 p. (In Russian).
13. Shunkov, V.I. Voprosy agrarnoy istorii Rossii [Questions on the Agrarian History of Russia.]. Moscow, 1974, 376 p. (In Russian).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_6

Белов С.И.Беженцы из западных губерний Российской империи в Иваново-Вознесенском промышленном районе: размещение и снабжение (1914 – 1917 годы)
Belov S.I. Refugees from the Western Provinces of the Russian Empire in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Industrial District: Accommodation and Supply (1914 – 1917)

Белов Сергей Игоревич – докт. полит. наук, канд. ист. наук, доцент, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1464-040X
Belov2006s@yandex.ru

В статье на основании документов Государственного архива Ивановской области исследуются особенности размещения и снабжения беженцев из Западных губерний Российской империи в годы Первой мировой войны в городах Иваново-Вознесенского промышленного района (Иваново-Вознесенск, Шуя, Юрьевец, Пучеж). Дается сравнительная характеристика размещения беженцев, с одной стороны – в крупных индустриальных центрах, а с другой – в провинциальных городах, практически лишенных развитой промышленности. Основное внимание продовольственному снабжению беженцев, организованному городскими властями, органами городского и уездного самоуправления, а также благотворительными организациями. В условиях постоянного сокращения казенных сумм, выделяемых на помощь беженцам, городским властям приходилось постоянно сокращать число выдаваемых пайков, лишая пайков тех беженцев, которые действительно нуждались в помощи. Подобные действия приводили к сильному ухудшению материального положения беженцев, поскольку большую часть их составляли женщины и дети. Городские власти полагали, что отказ от выдачи пайков всем трудоспособным в скором времени заставит беженцев трудоустроиться и перейти на самостоятельное обеспечение. Но ввиду отсутствия продуманного плана эвакуации населения, значительная часть беженцев оказалось в районах, где они просто не имели шансов найти работу. Поэтому беженцы были вынуждены перемещаться в районы с более развитой промышленностью и более емким рынком труда. Автор статьи делает вывод, что в Иваново-Вознесенском промышленном районе местом притяжения для беженцев стал Иваново-Вознесенск.

Первая мировая война, беженец, Иваново-Вознесенский промышленный район, самоуправление, продовольственное снабжение, благотворительность, трудоустройство, социальная адаптация.

Sergey I. Belov – Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1464-040X
Belov2006s@yandex.ru

Based on the documents of the State Archives of the Ivanovo region, the article dwells on the accommodation and supply of the refugees from the Western provinces of the Russian Empire during World War I in the towns of Ivanovo-Voznesensk industrial district (Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Shuya, Yuryevets, Puchezh). A comparative description of the allocation and accommodation of the refugees is given both in large industrial centers and in provincial towns, practically devoid of developed industry. The main focus is placed on the food supply of the refugees organized by the municipal authorities, municipal and uyezd self-government bodies, as well as charitable organizations. As government funds allocated to help the refugees were constantly reduced, the municipal authorities had to constantly limit the number of rations issued, depriving of the rations those who really needed the aid. Such actions led to a sharp deterioration of the refugees’ financial situation, as most of them were women and children. The municipal authorities believed that the failure to issue rations to all able-bodied people would soon force the refugees to find a job and switch to self-support. But due to the lack of a well-thought-out evacuation plan, a considerable part of the refugees ended up in areas where they simply had no chance of finding work. Therefore, the refugees were forced to move to areas with developed industry and a more capacious labor market. The author of the article concludes that Ivanovo-Voznesensk was a place of attraction for the refugees in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk industrial district.

World War I, refugee, Ivanovo-Voznesensky industrial district, self-government, food supply, charity, employment, social adaptation.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Alferova, I.V. Bezhentsy Pervoy mirovoy voyny: problemy akkomodatsii (na materialakh Orlovskoy gubernii) [Refugees of the First World War: Problems of Accommodation (Based on the Materials of Orel Province).]. Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2018, no. 3 (37), pp. 9–16. (In Russian).
2. Alferova, I.V. and Fisher, E.S. “Prinyat”, “organizovat”, “ustroit”…: Bezhentsy v Orlovskoy gubernii (iyul – avgust 1915 g.) [“Accept”, “Organize”, “Arrange”...: Refugees in Orel Province (July – August 1915).]. Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2018, no. 1 (35), pp. 9–18. (In Russian).
3. Belova, I.B. Bezhentsy Pervoy mirovoy voyny iz zapadnykh rayonov Rossiyskoy imperii: obespechenie zhiznedeyatelnosti v mestakh vremennogo prozhivaniya [World War I Refugees from the Western Regions of the Russian Empire: Sustaining Life in the Places of Temporary Residence.]. Vestnik Baltiyskogo federalnogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, 2013, no. 12, pp. 51–62. (In Russian).
4. Belova, I.B. “Lyudskie volny”: Dnevnikovye zapisi F.A. Kudrinskogo o bezhentsakh Pervoy mirovoy voyny: 1915 g. [The “Human Waves”: F.A. Kudrinsky’s Diary Entries about the Refugees of the First World War (1915).]. Vestnik arkhivista, 2022, no. 1, pp. 229–241. (In Russian).
5. Gulidov, A.Yu. Razmeshchenie bezhentsev na territorii Vladimirskoy gubernii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [The Accommodation of Refugees on the Territory of Vladimir Province in the Years of the First World War.]. Yaroslavskiy pedagogicheskiy vestnik, 2011, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 32–35. (In Russian).
6. Kornelyuk, V. Polozhenie bezhentsev iz Belarusi v tsentralnykh guberniyakh Rossii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1915 – 1917 gg.) [The Plight of Refugees from Belarus in the Central Provinces of Russia during the First World War (1915 – 1917).]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Istoriya. Filologiya. Kul'turologiya. Vostokovedenie, 2018, no. 10-1 (43), pp. 96–105. (In Russian).
7. Kurtsev, A.N. Bezhentsy pervoy mirovoy voyny v Rossii (1914 – 1917) [Refugees of the First World War in Russia (1914 – 1917).]. Voprosy istorii, 1999, no. 8, pp. 98–113. (In Russian).
8. Mikhalev, N.A. and Pyankov, S.A. Bezhentsy Pervoy mirovoy voyny v Rossiyskoy imperii: chislennost, razmeshchenie, sostav [World War I Refugees in the Russian Empire: Number, Placement, Composition.]. Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik, 2015, no. 4 (49), pp. 95–105. (In Russian).
9. Nikolaeva, E.V. Istoriografiya rossiyskogo bezhenstva perioda Pervoy mirovoy voyny (regionalnyy aspekt) [The Historiography of Russian Refugees during the First World War (The Regional Aspect).]. Kulturnyy landshaft regionov [Digital Journal], 2021, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 59–71. (In Russian).
10. Shilova, R.R. Okazanie pomoshchi bezhentsam v Ufimskoy gubernii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [Assistance to Refugees in Ufa Province during the First World War.]. Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki, 2017, vol. 22, no. 2 (166), pp. 106–111. (In Russian).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_30

Россия и мир
Russia and the World

Липкин М.А. Визит А.И. Микояна в Вену в 1957 году: торговая политика или торговля вокруг политики? Неизвестные страницы советской партийно-государственной дипломатии
Lipkin M.A. A.I. Mikoyan’s Visit to Vienna in 1957: Trade Policy or Political Horse Trading? The Unknown Pages of Soviet Party-State Diplomacy

Липкин Михаил Аркадьевич – докт. ист. наук, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, директор, Институт всеобщей истории, Российская академия наук (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7717-6392
mli@igh.ru

В статье подвергнуты детальному анализу подготовка, ход, итоги и последствия визита А.И. Микояна в Вену 23–27 апреля 1957 г., показана широкая палитра торгово-экономических взаимоотношений СССР и Австрии в тот период Холодной войны. На основании подготовительных документов советского партийно-государственного аппарата, хранящихся в российских архивах и впервые вводимых автором статьи в научный оборот, показана «кухня» подготовки визита и нюансы двусторонних отношений СССР и Австрии в период после XX съезда КПСС и Венгерского кризиса 1956 г. Также высказан ряд гипотез о неочевидных темах переговоров в Вене, придававших политический оттенок решениям по товарообороту и смежным экономическим сюжетам. Наконец, прослеживается цепь последующих решений советского партийно-государственного руководства, принятых по следам договоренностей, достигнутых А.И. Микояном в Вене, уже во второй половине 1957 и 1958 гг. Автор приходит к выводу, что история визита А.И. Микояна в Вену в апреле 1957 г. может служить инструментом для анализа всей совокупности как торгово-экономических, так и политико-дипломатических взаимоотношений СССР и Австрии, причем как на двухстороннем, так и многостороннем уровне (Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи, «мировая система социализма»). Для Австрии визит стал важной вехой в нормализации отношений с восточной сверхдержавой и реализацией своего нейтрального статуса в обмен на экономические уступки со стороны СССР.

Холодная война, мировая система социализма, Австрийская республика, Министерство иностранных дел, экономическая дипломатия, личная дипломатия, нейтралитет, германский вопрос, А.И. Микоян, Ю. Рааб.

Mikhail A. Lipkin – Doctor of History, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Director, Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7717-6392
mli@igh.ru

The article analyzes in detail the preparation, progress, results and consequences of A.I. Mikoyan's visit to Vienna on April 23-27, 1957 showing a wide palette of trade and economic relations between the USSR and Austria during that period of the Cold War. Based on the preparatory documents of the Soviet party-state apparatus stored in Russian archives and for the first time introduced by the author into scientific circulation, the article reveals the political ingredients that went into the preparation of the visit and the nuances of bilateral relations between the USSR and Austria in the period after the XX Congress of the CPSU and the Hungarian crisis of 1956. Also, a number of hypotheses were made as to the implicit topics of the negotiations in Vienna, which gave a political connotation to the decisions on trade turnover and related economic subjects. Finally, the chain of subsequent decisions of the Soviet party-state leadership, adopted in the wake of the agreements reached by A.I. Mikoyan in Vienna, already in the second half of 1957 and in 1958, is traced. The author comes to the conclusion that the history of A.I. Mikoyan’s visit to Vienna in April 1957 can serve as a tool for analyzing the entire set of trade, economic, as well as political and diplomatic relations between the USSR and Austria, both at the bilateral and multilateral levels (the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, “world socialist system”, etc.). For Austria, the visit was an important milestone in the normalization of relations with the Eastern superpower and the implementation of its neutral status in exchange for economic concessions from the USSR.

Cold War, Détente, World Socialist System (Eastern Bloc), Republic of Austria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, economic diplomacy, personal diplomacy, neutrality, German question, Anastas I. Mikoyan, Julius Raab.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Boden, R. Cold War Economics: Soviet Aid to Indonesia. Journal of Cold War Studies, 2008, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 110–128. (In English).
2. Keller, A.V. “Deystvuyte bystro, korrektno, po-avstriyski”: Kompensatsionnye postavki Avstrii v SSSR 1955 – 1963 gg. [“Act Quickly and Correctly, in the Austrian Way”: Delivering Compensation from Austria to the USSR, 1955 – 1963.]. Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatelnyy zhurnal “Istoriya” [Digital Journal], 2022, vol. 13, no. 2 (112). (In Russian).
3. Pavlenko, O.V. Avstriyskiy vopros v Kholodnoy voyne (1945 – 1955 gg.) [The Austrian Question in the Cold War (1945 – 1955).]. Novyy istoricheskiy vestnik, 2004, no. 1 (10), pp. 247–295. (In Russian).
4. Shubin, A.V. Predely sotrudnichestva: Sovetsko-germanskie voennye i ekonomicheskie postavki 1939 – 1941 godov i motivy sovetskogo rukovodstva [The Limits of Cooperation: Soviet-German Military and Economic Supplies in 1939 – 1941 and the Motives of the Soviet Leadership.]. Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya, 2021, no. 4, pp. 122–136. (In Russian).
5. Sorokin, A.N. Avstriyskiy neytralitet 1955 g.: Model dlya Germanii ili fenomen Kholodnoy voyny? [Austrian Neutrality of 1955: A Model for Germany or the Phenomenon of the Cold War?]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4: Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 222–235. (In Russian).

(Essays, Articles, and Papers
from Books, Proceedings, and Research Collections)

6. Pettinà, V. Mexican-Soviet Encounters in the Early 1960s: Tractors of Discord. Latin America and the Global Cold War / Ed. by T. Field, S. Krepp and V. Pettinà. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020, pp. 73–99. (In English).

.(Monographs)

7. Mikoyan, S.A. Anatomiya Karibskogo krizisa [Anatomy of the Caribbean Crisis.]. Moscow; Ulyanovsk, 2006, 1071 p. (In Russian).
8. Mueller, W. A Good Example of Peaceful Coexistence? The Soviet Union, Austria and Neutrality, 1955 – 1991. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2011, 381 p. (In English).
9. Pavlov, M.Yu. Anastas Mikoyan: Politicheskiy portret na fone sovetskoy epokhi [Anastas Mikoyan: A Political Portrait against the Background of the Soviet Era.]. Moscow, 2010, 414 p. (In Russian).
10. Selivanov, I.N. Epokha XX sezda: Mezhdunarodnaya deyatelnost A.I. Mikoyana v 1956 godu [The Epoch of the 20th CPSU Congress: The International Activity of A.I. Mikoyan in 1956.]. St. Petersburg, 2021, 433 p. (In Russian).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_46

Антошин А.В. Эмигранты из России и рабочее движение в США в начальный период Холодной войны
Antoshin A.V. Russian Immigrants and the U.S. Labor Movement at the Beginning of the Cold War

Антошин Алексей Валерьевич – докт. ист. наук, доцент, Уральский федеральный университет (Екатеринбург)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6093-2219
alex_antoshin@mail.ru

В статье рассматривается участие эмигрантов из России в рабочем движении США второй половины 1940-х – начала 1950-х гг. Характеризуются основные рабочие организации, созданные российскими эмигрантами, социалистами по своим убеждениям, и их влияние на американские профсоюзы. Статья базируется на документах, которые хранятся в архивохранилищах США и поэтому ранее широко не использовались в российской исторической литературе. Особое внимание уделяется деятельности Д. Дубинского – многолетнего президента Международного женского профсоюза работников швейной промышленности, который являлся наиболее заметной фигурой среди выходцев из России, ставшими деятелями профсоюзного движения США. На взгляд автора, Д. Дубинский и его соратники, эмигрировавшие из Российской империи в США в начале ХХ в., во многом определяли социал-реформистскую тенденцию в рабочем движении США. Эти старые российские социалисты пользовались поддержкой со стороны тех выходцев из России, которые давно, еще до революции 1917 г., переехали в США, успешно прошли социальную адаптацию и интегрировались в политическую систему страны. Оппонентами российских социалистов являлись левые интеллектуалы, стремившиеся контролировать объединения трудовых иммигрантов из России, которые сохраняли независимость от официальных профсоюзов. Левые интеллектуалы активно взаимодействовали с посольством СССР в Вашингтоне и воспринимались антикоммунистической прессой как «советские агенты» в Америке.

Холодная война, трудовая иммиграция, русская эмиграция, еврейская эмиграция, рабочее движение, профсоюз, Американская федерация труда, социал-реформизм, меньшевики.

Aleksey V. Antoshin – Doctor of History, Associate Professor, Ural Federal University (Ekaterinburg, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6093-2219
alex_antoshin@mail.ru

The article examines the participation of Russian emigrants from in the US labor movement of the second half of the 1940s – early 1950s. The main labor organizations created by Russian emigrants, socialists in their beliefs, and their influence on American trade unions are characterized. The article is based on documents that are stored in the archives of the United States and therefore have not been widely used in Russian historical literature so far. Special attention is paid to the activities of D. Dubinsky, a long-term president of the International Women’s Trade Union of Garment Workers, who was the most prominent figure among Russian immigrants involved in the trade union movement in the United States. In the author’s opinion, D. Dubinsky and his associates who immigrated from the Russian Empire to the USA in the early 19th century largely determined the social reformist trend in the US labor movement. These mature Russian socialists enjoyed the support of those immigrants from Russia who long ago, even before the revolution of 1917, had moved to the United States, successfully underwent social adaptation and integrated into the political system of the country. The opponents of the Russian socialists were left-wing intellectuals who sought to control the associations of labor immigrants from Russia, that maintained independence from official trade unions. Left-wing intellectuals actively interacted with the USSR Embassy in Washington and were perceived by the anti-communist press as “Soviet agents” in the USA.

Cold War, labor immigration, Russian emigration, Jewish emigration, labor movement, trade union, American Federation of Labor, social reformism, Mensheviks.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Antoshin, A.V. Dukh starogo internatsionala: Vzaimopomoshch v srede rossiyskoy sotsialisticheskoy emigratsii posle Vtoroy mirovoy voyny [The Spirit of the Old International: Mutual Aid among Russian Socialists-Emigres after the Second World War.]. Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatelnyy zhurnal “Istoriya” [Digital Journal], 2020, vol. 11, no. 2 (88), p. 16. (In Russian).
2. Antoshin, A.V. and Antoshin, V.A. Levye politicheskie gruppy rossiyskikh emigrantov v SShA v seredine 1940-kh gg. [Left Political Groups of Russian Immigrants in the USA in the middle of 1940s.]. Sovremennaya nauka: aktualnye problemy teorii i praktiki. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki, 2018, no. 9-2, pp. 5–10. (In Russian).
3. Bazanov, P.N. “Ermitazh»” (“Hermitage”) – izdatelstvo tretey “volny” russkoy emigratsii [“Hermitage” as the Publishing House of the Third “Wave” of Russian Emigration.]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo instituta kultury, 2015, no. 1 (22), pp. 114–119. (In Russian).
4. Bazanov, P.N. Istorik N.I. Ulyanov – prepodavatel Yelskogo universiteta [Historian N.I. Ulyanov – lecturer at Yale University.]. Izvestiya Smolenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2016, no. 2 (34), pp. 180–188. (In Russian).
5. Bazanov, P.N. Izdatelstvo i knigotorgovaya firma V.P. Kamkina v SShA (ot Shankhaya do Merilenda) [Publishing and Retail Bookselling Company “Victor Kamkin Inc. Bookstores” in the United States (from Shanghai to Maryland).]. Bibliografiya. Nauchnyy zhurnal po bibliografovedeniyu, knigovedeniyu i bibliotekovedeniyu, 2019, no. 2 (421), pp. 48–59. (In Russian).
6. Devinatz, V. David Dubinsky, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the Limits of Social Democratic Trade Unionism. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2010, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 67–78. (In English).
7. Feys, T. Steamshipping Companies and Transmigration Patterns: The Use of European Cities as Hubs during the Era of Mass Migration to the US. Journal of Migration History, 2016, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 247–274. (In English).
8. Golovkin, A.A. Pravovoe polozhenie russkikh emigrantov v SShA v poslevoennyy period (1945 – 1950-e gg.) [The Legal Status of Russian Immigrants in the USA during the Post-War Period (1945 – 1950s).]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii, 2017, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 81–96. (In Russian).
9. Mikkonen, S. Exploiting the Exiles: Soviet Émigrés in U.S. Cold War Strategy. Journal of Cold War Studies, 2012, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 98–127. (In English).
10. Morawska, E. Exploring Diversity in Immigrant Assimilation and Transnationalism: Poles and Russian Jews in Philadelphia. International Migration Review, 2004, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1372–1412. (In English).
11. Morrison, J. Intelligence in the Cold War. Cold War History, 2014, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 575–591. (In English).
12. Nitoburg, E.L. U istokov russkoy diaspory v Amerike [At the Origins of the Russian Diaspora in the USA.]. SShA: Ekonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1996, no. 7, pp. 84–95. (In Russian).
13. Pivovarov, E.G. Iz istorii russkoy emigratsii v Amerike: Prosvetitelskaya deyatelnost Borisa Brazolya i “Obshchestva imeni A.S. Pushkina v Amerike” [From the History of the Russian Emigration to America: Educational Activities of Boris Brazol and the “Pushkin Society in America”.]. Vestnik molodykh uchenykh. Seriya: Istoricheskie nauki, 2003, no. 1, pp. 14–19. (In Russian).
14. Pivovarov, Е. The Papers of Boris Leo Brasol and the Pushkin Society in America in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. Journal of American Ethnic History, 2003, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 85–92. (In English).
15. Sokolov, A.S. Rossiyskaya emigratsiya v SShA v kontse XIX v. (1890 – 1900 gg.) [The Russian Emigration to the USA at the End of the 19th Century (1890 – 1900).]. Uchenye zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo imeni V.B. Bobkova filiala Rossiyskoy tamozhennoy akademii, 1996, no. 1 (1), pp. 111–117. (In Russian).
16. Tromley, B. The Making of a Myth: The National Labor Alliance, Russian Émigrés, and Cold War Intelligence Activities. Journal of Cold War Studies, 2016, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 80–111. (In English).

(Monographs)

17. Alexander, J. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1870 – 1920: How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America. Chicago (IL); Westport (CT): Ivan R. Dee; Greenwood Press, 2007, 279 p. (In English).
18. Bazanov, P.N. Izdatelskaya deyatelnost politicheskikh organizatsiy russkoy emigratsii (1917 – 1988 gg.) [The Publishing Activity of the Political Organizations of the Russian Emigration (1917 – 1988).]. 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 2008, 467 p. (In Russian).
19. Daniels, R. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. 2nd. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002, 576 p. (In English).
20. Kellogg, M. The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917 – 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 344 p. (In English).
21. Parmet, R. The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement. New York: New York University Press, 2005, 436 p. (In English).
22. Sogrin, V.V. Istoricheskiy opyt SShA [Historical Experience of the USA.]. Moscow, 2010, 580 p. (In Russian).
23. Zinn, H. Narodnaya istoriya SShA: S 1492 goda do nashikh dney [A People’s History of the United States: 1492 – Present.]. Moscow, 2006, 878 p. (In Russian). = Zinn, H. A People’s History of the United States: 1492 – Present. New York: Harper & Row, 1980, 784 p. (In English).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_74

У книжной полки
Book and Journal Reviews

Гусева Ю.Н., Сенюткина О.Н. Традиционный ислам – реальность или искусственный конструкт? К изданию коллективной монографии «“Ислам, имеющий мирную и добрую сущность”: Дискурс о традиционном исламе в среде тюрок-мусульман европейской части России и Крыма»
Guseva Yu.N., Senyutkina O.N. Traditional Islam – Reality or Artificial Construct? On the Publication of the Essay Collection “«Islam, Having a Peaceful and Benevolent Essence»: A Discourse on Traditional Islam among the Muslim Turks of the European Part of Russia and Crimea”

Гусева Юлия Николаевна – докт. ист. наук, профессор, Московский городской педагогический университет (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5731-7274
j.guseva@mail.ru

Сенюткина Ольга Николаевна – докт. ист. наук, профессор, Нижегородский государственный лингвистический университет им. Н.А. Добролюбова (Нижний Новгород)
ORCID ID:0000-0002-0649-7295
senutkina@mail.ru

Статья содержит критический анализ новой коллективной монографии семерых авторов-исламоведов Казани, Уфы и Москвы под редакцией Р.И. Беккина. Изданная в Москве в 2021 г., монография посвящена истории понятия «традиционный ислам», его концепции, а также региональным особенностям ислама в Татарстане, Башкортостане и Крыму. Анализ коллективной монографии вписан в контекст современной историографической ситуации, для которой характерен повышенный интерес к проблематике российского ислама и взаимоотношениям между государством и конфессиями в современной России. Как особое достоинство коллективной монографии отмечается обширная источниковая база, представленная не только русскоязычными источниками, но и текстами и устными выступлениями на татарском языке, малодоступными читателю. Также в коллективной монографии первые дается подробный историографический обзор литературы, посвященной проблеме традиционного ислама. Подготовка и публикация коллективной монографии подтверждает активный интерес к исламоведческим оценкам жизни российских мусульман на современном этапе деятельности многоконфессионального сообщества России. Статья подводит читателя к мысли о том, что традиционный ислам – и реальность нашего бытия, и искусственный конструкт. Традиционный ислам – сложившиеся региональные практики и меняющиеся оценки этих практик.

Ислам, традиционный ислам, исламоведение, дискурс, Волго-Уральский регион, Крым, татары, историография.

Yulia N. Guseva – Doctor of History, Professor, Moscow City University (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5731-7274
j.guseva@mail.ru

Olga N. Senyutkina – Doctor of History, Professor, Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)
ORCID ID:0000-0002-0649-7295
senutkina@mail.ru

The article offers a critical analysis of a new essay collection by seven authors, scholars in Islamic studies from Kazan, Ufa and Moscow, edited by R.I. Bekkin. Published in Moscow in 2021, the essay collection is devoted to the history of the concept and doctrine of “Traditional Islam”, as well as the regional peculiarities of Islam in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and the Crimea. The analysis of the essay collection is done in the context of the modern historiographical situation, which is characterized by an increasing interest in the problems of Russian Islam and the relationship between the state and confessions in modern Russia. An extensive source base is viewed as a special advantage, represented not only by Russian-language sources, but also by texts and oral speeches in the Tatar language, which normally are not easily accessible to the reader. The book features the first detailed historiographical review of literature devoted to the problem of traditional Islam. The preparation and publication of the essay collection indicate an active interest in the Islamic studies assessments of the life of Russian Muslims at the present stage of the activity of the multi-confessional community of Russia. The article leads the reader to believe that traditional Islam is both the reality of our existence and an artificial construct. Traditional Islam is established regional practices and changing assessments of these practices.

Islam, Traditional Islam, Islamic studies, discourse, Volga-Ural region, Crimea, Tatars, historiography.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Akhunov, A.M. Russia – Middle East: The Influence of the Arab Factor on the Formation of Muslim Education System in the Republic of Tatarstan in 1900 – 2000. Terra Sebvs, 2014, Special issue, pp. 135–146. (In English).
2. Almazova, L.I. Features of Development of Modern Islamic Discourse among Muslims of the Volga-Ural Region. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2015, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 113–120. (In English).
3. Bekkin, R.I. Narratives of the Origin of the Institution of the Muftiate among Tatars in Soviet Times. Istoricheskaya etnologiya = Historical Ethnology, 2020, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 225–242. (In English).
4. Cwiklinski, S. Review of Renat Bekkin (ed.), The Concept of Traditional Islam in Modern Islamic Discourse in Russia. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 2020, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 145–148. (In English).
5. Di Puppo, L. and Schmoller, J. Here or elsewhere: Sufism and traditional Islam in Russia’s Volga-Ural region. Contemporary Islam, 2020, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 135–156. (In English).
6. Khabibullina, Z.R. “Traditsionnyy islam” v diskurse imamov Respubliki Bashkortostan [“Traditional Islam” in the Discourse of Imams of the Republic of Bashkortostan.]. Izvestiya Ufimskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN, 2020, no. 4, pp. 96–99. (In Russian).
7. Mathiesen, K. Anglo-American “Traditional Islam” and Its Discourse of Orthodoxy. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 2013, vol. 13, pp. 191–219. (In English).
8. Muratova, E.S. “Traditional Islam” in Crimean Tatar Discourse and Politics. Context, 2019, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 117–136. (In English).
9. Safiullina, R.R. Psikhologicheskoe znanie v tatarskom bogoslovskom nasledii [Psychological Knowledge in Tatar Theological Heritage.]. Minbar. Islamic Studies, 2020, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 939–961. (In Russian).
10. Shagaviev, D.A. The Works of Shihab ad-din al-Marjani on Islamic Scholastic Theology. Minbar. Islamic Studies, 2020, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 103–116. (In English).

(Essays, Articles, and Papers
from Books, Proceedings, and Research Collections)

11. Sagitova, L. The Sociology of Competition between “Traditional” and “Globalized” Islam among Tatars in Russia: Actors and Their Interests. Cultures of Islam: Vernacular Traditions and Revisionist Interpretations across Russia / Ed. by M. Laruelle, J. Schmoller. Washington (DC): The George Washington University, 2021. P. 9–20. (In English).

(Monographs)

12. Almazova, L.I., Akhunov, A.M., Bekkin, R.I., Muratova, E.S., Safiullina-Ibragimova, R.R., Khabibullina, Z.R. and Shagaviev, D.A. “Islam, imeyushchiy mirnuyu i dobruyu sushchnost”: Diskurs o traditsionnom islame v srede tyurok-musulman evropeyskoy chasti Rossii i Kryma [“Islam, Having a Peaceful and Benevolent Essence”: A Discourse on Traditional Islam among the Muslim Turks of the European Part of Russia and Crimea.]. Moscow, 2021, 280 p. (In Russian). = The Concept of Traditional Islam in Modern Islamic Discourse in Russia / Ed. by R. Bekkin. Sarajevo: Center for Advanced Studies, 2020, 291 p. (In English).
13. Cultures of Islam: Vernacular Traditions and Revisionist Interpretations across Russia / Ed. by M. Laruelle, J. Schmoller. Washington (DC): The George Washington University, 2021, 139 p. (In English).
14. The Concept of Traditional Islam in Modern Islamic Discourse in Russia / Ed. by R. Bekkin. Sarajevo: Center for Advanced Studies, 2020, 291 p. (In English).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_89

Каиль М.В. Образ и ценности власти в воспоминаниях политических лидеров новейшей России: Сергей Степашин
Kail M.V. The Image and Values of Power in the Memoirs of the Political Leaders of Modern Russia: Sergey Stepashin

Каиль Максим Владимирович – канд. ист. наук, доцент, Смоленский государственный университет (Смоленск)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2635-5091
mvkail@mail.ru

В статье в актуальном историографическом дискурсе, в контексте политики памяти и на основе циркулирующих в современном российском обществе образов государственной власти и политических лидеров рассматриваются опубликованные в 2022 г. политические мемуары Сергея Вадимовича Степашина. Активный участник политических событий 1990-х гг., сыгравший значительную роль в расследовании обстоятельств создания ГКЧП, деятельности и реформировании КГБ, к середине 1990-х гг. С.В. Степашин, являясь заместителем руководителя и руководителем силовых ведомств, контрразведки, принимал непосредственное участие в урегулировании конфликта в Чечне. После министерских портфелей Министерства юстиции и Министерства внутренних дел в 1999 г. он был назначен первым заместителем председателя правительства Российской Федерации, а в конце апреля сменил на втором государственном посту Е.М. Примакова. Раскрывая особенности принятия политических решений, государственное закулисье 1990-х гг., С.В. Степашин дает взвешенные и яркие характеристики не только общественно-политического положения в стране, но и политической позиции тех или иных участников событий. В его воспоминаниях события эпохи получают убедительную авторскую трактовку. Воспоминания вносят значительный вклад в осмысление политической культуры и политических традиций России 1990-х гг.

Политическая культура, образ власти, политический процесс, политическая элита, реформа, Б.Н. Ельцин, С.В. Степашин, мемуары.

Maksim V. Kail – Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Smolensk State University (Smolensk, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2635-5091
mvkail@mail.ru

The article examines the political memoirs of Sergey Stepashin, published in 2022, in the context of the politics of memory and on the basis of the images of state power and political leaders circulating in modern Russian society. An active participant of the political events of the 1990s S. Stepashin played a significant role in investigating the circumstances of the emergence of GKCHP, in the activities and reform of the KGB. By the mid-1990s S. Stepashin, as deputy head and head of law enforcement agencies, and counterintelligence, was directly involved in the settlement of the military conflict in Chechnya. After the ministerial portfolios of the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1999, he was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister, and at the end of April he replaced E.M. Primakov as Russia’s Prime Minister. Revealing the specific details of political decision-making and the political backstage of the 1990s, S. Stepashin offers a vivid and balanced description of the socio-political situation in the country and the political views of certain participants in the events. In his memoirs, the events of the epoch receive an author’s interpretation. His memoirs make a significant contribution to the understanding of the political culture and political traditions of Russia in the 1990s.

Political culture, image of power, political process, political elite, reform, B.N. Yeltsin, S.V. Stepashin, memoirs.

References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)

1. Dubin, B.V. Pervyy: Boris Eltsin v obshchestvennom mnenii Rossii [The First: The Image of B.N. Yeltsin in Public Opinion of Russia.]. Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya. Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii [Digital Journal], 2007, no. 4 (90), pp. 28–38. (In Russian).
2. Mau, V.A. and Rogov, K.Yu. Egor Gaydar: shtrikhi k budushchey biografii [Egor Gaidar: Some Strokes toward a Future Biography.]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2010, no. 1, pp. 143–149. (In Russian).
3. Miller, A.I. Istoriya imperiy i politika pamyati [The History of Empires and the Politics of Memory.]. Rossiya v globalnoy politike, 2008, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 118–134. (In Russian).
4. Miller, A.I. Politika pamyati v Rossii: god razrushennykh nadezhd [The Politics of Memory in Russia: The Year of Shattered Hopes.]. Politiya: Analiz. Khronika. Prognoz (Zhurnal politicheskoy filosofii i sotsiologii politiki), 2014, no. 4 (75), pp. 49–57. (In Russian).
5. Otrokova, O.Yu. Boris Eltsin – Ruslan Khasbulatov, ot edinstva k konfrontatsii: Istoriograficheskiy obzor [Boris Yeltsin vs Ruslan Khasbulatov, from Unity to Confrontation: A Historiographical Review.]. Gumanitarnyy vestnik [Digital Journal]; 2015, no. 11 (37), p. 2. (In Russian).
6. Rusakova, O.F. and Kochneva, E.D. Otsenki Oktyabrskoy revolyutsii v ofitsialnom diskurse politiki pamyati [Evaluations of the October Revolution in the Official Discourse of the Politics of Memory.]. Diskurs-Pi, 2017, no. 3-4 (28-29), pp. 17–30. (In Russian).
7. Ulanov, F.I. 200-letniy yubiley Otechestvennoy voyny 1812 g.: praktiki kommemoratsii [The 200th Anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812: Commemoration Practices.]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2018, no. 4 (14), pp. 54–64. (In Russian).

(Monographs)

8. Colton, J.T. Eltsin [Yeltsin.]. Moscow, 2013, 752 p. (In Russian). = Colton, J.T. Yeltsin: A Life. New York: Basic Books, 2008, 616 p. (In English).

DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_103

Алипов П.А. Биографические исследования на страницах журнала «История и архивы»: Опыт Case Study
Alipov P.A. Biographical Investigations in the Journal, History and Archives: The Experience of “Case Study”

Алипов Павел Андреевич – канд. ист. наук, доцент, Российский государственный гуманитарный университет (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6421-592X
palipov@mail.ru

Статья представляет собой попытку рассмотреть в формате case study развитие жанра и методологии исторической биографии в новейших исследованиях российских авторов. В качестве фокус-группы выбраны работы по данной проблематике, публиковавшиеся в течение 2021 г. в журнале «История и архивы», который стремительно набирает репутационный вес в профессиональном историческом сообществе современной России. Констатирован высокий эвристический потенциал исторической биографии, не снижающийся с течением времени и позволяющий проводить самого разного рода научные исследования во всех отраслях гуманитарного знания. Об этом свидетельствует как сам факт востребованности среди отечественных ученых биографического жанра, включая его классический вариант и новые модуляции (в том числе все более популярную в последние годы интеллектуальную биографию и только еще внедряемые «концептуальные мемуары»), так и использование биографии как самостоятельного метода, позволяющего на микроаналитическом уровне заниматься среди прочего вопросами политической и социальной истории.

Историческая биография, интеллектуальная биография, микроаналитический подход, персональная история, политическая история, социальная история, историография.

Pavel A. Alipov – Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6421-592X
palipov@mail.ru

The article is an attempt to examine in the case study format the development of the genre and methodology of historical biography in the latest research conducted by Russian authors. The focus group comprises works on the above issue, published during 2021 in the journal “History and Archives”, which is rapidly gaining reputational weight in the professional historical community of modern Russia. The high heuristic potential of historical biography is stated, which does not decrease over time allowing to conduct various kinds of scientific research in all branches of the humanities . This is evidenced both by the fact that the biographical genre is in demand among Russian scholars, including its classic version and new modulations (including the intellectual biography, which has become increasingly popular in recent years, and the “conceptual memoirs” that are just being introduced), and the use of biography as an independent method that allows, at the microanalytical level, to deal, among other things, with issues of political and social history.

Historical biography, intellectual biography, microanalytical approach, personal history, political history, social history, historiography.

References
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DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_3_112