2022 №74(4)
С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е
C O N T E N T S
Российская государственность
Russian Statehood
Володина Т.А., Подрезов К.А. «Развод по-солдатски» в России XVIII века
Volodina T.A., Podrezov K.A. “Divorce, Soldier Style” in Eighteenth-Century
Russia
Володина Татьяна Андреевна – докт. ист. наук, профессор, Тульский государственный педагогический университет имени Л.Н. Толстого (Тула)
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5390-1089
volodina.tatiana2016@yandex.ru
Подрезов Константин Андреевич – канд. полит. наук, доцент, Тульский государственный педагогический университет имени Л.Н. Толстого (Тула)
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1309-1784
podrezov@tsput.ru
В статье анализируется практика самовольных разводов посредством составления письменного документа – разводного письма – на протяжении XVIII в. Авторы рассматривают данное явление в контексте более широкой проблематики – эффективности и степени контроля Русской православной церкви за жизнью мирян в России в раннее новое время. В статье дается краткая характеристика современных историографических трендов в изучении данной проблемы. На основе широкого круга архивных и опубликованных источников авторы выявляют факторы, которые влияли на практику разводов по обоюдному согласию. По мнению авторов, создание многочисленной регулярной армии и условия службы в ней сыграли серьезную роль в разворачивающемся соперничестве двух трендов в понимании брака – как сакрального таинства и как гражданского договора. Под влиянием бюрократической регламентации, модернизации государства и институционального укрепления церкви практика разводных писем изживалась в среде простонародья. В дворянско-офицерском обществе не менее значимым ограничителем выступали проблемы с наследованием поместий. Солдаты же являлись тем социальным слоем, в среде которого практики самовольного развода распространялись легче и были в меньшей степени подвержены воздействию всех этих сдерживающих факторов. Авторы приходят к выводу, что регулярная армия самим фактом своего существования и специфическими условиями армейской жизни рождала запрос на появление иного отношения к браку – как к союзу, содержащему в себе черты гражданского договора и несущему мощный импульс модернизации в социокультурной сфере.
Русская императорская армия, офицер, солдат, крестьянство, Русская православная церковь, брачно-семейные отношения, церковный брак, незаконный развод, многобрачие, гендерная история.
Tatyana A. Volodina – Doctor of History, Professor, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University (Tula, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5390-1089
volodina.tatiana2016@yandex.ru
Konstantin A. Podrezov – Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University (Tula, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1309-1784
podrezov@tsput.ru
The article analyzes the practice of unauthorized divorces by drawing up a written document – a divorce letter – during the 18th century. The authors consider this phenomenon in the broader context, i.e. the effectiveness and degree of control of the Russian Orthodox Church over the life of laypeople in Russia in the early modern period. The article gives a brief description of modern historiographical trends in the study of this problem. Based on a wide range of archival and published sources, the authors identify factors that influenced the practice of divorce by mutual consent. According to the authors, the creation of a large regular army and the conditions of service in it played a serious role in the unfolding rivalry between the two trends in treating marriage – as a sacrament and as a civil contract. Among the common people the practice of divorce letters was eliminated under the influence of bureaucratic regulation, the modernization of the state and institutional strengthening of the church. As to the nobility and officer environment, no less significant constraint for the above practice were the problems with the inheritance of estates. Soldiers, on the other hand, were the social stratum in whose environment the practice of unauthorized divorce spread more easily and they were less exposed to all these deterrents. The authors come to the conclusion that the regular army, due to the mere fact of its existence and the specific conditions of army life, brought about a demand for a different attitude to marriage as a union containing the features of a civil contract and carrying a powerful impulse of modernization in the socio-cultural sphere.
Russian Imperial Army, officer, soldier, peasantry, Russian Orthodox Church, marital and family relations, church marriage, illegal divorce, polygamy, gender history.
References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
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2. Kaiser, D. Church Control over Marriage in Seventeenth-Century Russia. The Russian Review, 2006, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 567–585. (In English).
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4. Nizhnik, N.S. “Zhenitba est, a razzhenitby net”: o probleme rastorzheniya braka v Rossiyskoy imperii [“There Is Marriage and there Is no Dismarriage”: About Problem of Divorce in the Russian Empire.]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii, 2012, no. 1 (53), pp. 27–33. (In Russian).
5. Polyanskiy, P.L. O nekotorykh osobennostyakh rossiyskogo sudoproizvodstva po prelyubodeynym razvodam XVIII – XIX vv. (na primere vozmozhnykh prototipov geroev M.Yu. Lermontova) [Some Peculiarities of the Legal Procedure in the Scope of Divorces for Adultery in the 18th – 20th Centuries in Russia (On the Example of Possible Prototypes Characters of Mikhail Lermontov).]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 11. Pravo, 2015, no. 2, pp. 54–67. (In Russian).
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(Essays, Articles, and Papers
from Books, Proceedings, and Research Collections)
11. Bisha, R. Marriage, Church, and Community in 18th-Century St. Petersburg. Women and Gender in 18th-Century Russia / Ed. by W. Rosslyn. Burlington (VT): Ashgate, 2003, pp. 227–242. (In English).
(Monographs)
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DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_6
Маслова А.А. «Служу делу, а не министрам»: Профессионально-
общественная позиция цензора Н.Ф. фон Крузе в преддверии «великих реформ»
Maslova A.A. “I Serve the Cause, not the Ministers”: The Professional and
Public Stance of Censor N.F. von Kruse on the Eve of the “Great Reforms”
Маслова Анна Александровна – канд. ист. наук, доцент, Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9643-668X
avonavi.anie@gmail.com
В статье рассматривается деятельность цензора Московского цензурного комитета Н.Ф. фон Крузе. Впервые в отечественной историографии в качестве источника использованы его письма, хранящиеся в Отделе рукописей Российской государственной библиотеки. Эти «персональные тексты» позволили прояснить вопрос о вкладе Крузе в развитие отечественной журналистики в преддверии «великих реформ», в начало «гласности» времен Александра II. Научная новизна статьи определятся также подходом к исследованию цензурной деятельности Крузе через установление специфики его взаимодействия с авторами и издателями. Основное внимание уделяется особенностям порядка цензурирования рукописей, установленным во время царствования императора Николая I, и его сопоставлению с методами работы Крузе. Автор приходит к выводу, что практика конструктивного подхода цензора Крузе позволяла продуктивно сотрудничать с авторами и издателями, способствовала плодотворным результатам их деятельности и расширению границ свободы печати в России. В переходный период первых лет царствования Александра II, на который пришлась деятельность Крузе, новый, более либеральный, цензурный устав еще не был издан, но уже было публично заявлено о необходимости отмены крепостного права сверху. Эта перемена правительственного курса, а также личное гражданское мужество Крузе позволили постепенно открыть дорогу «гласности» Александра II.
Издательское дело, свобода печати, цензура, цензурная политика, цензурный устав, цензурный комитет, «великие реформы», крестьянская реформа, интеллектуальная история, Н.Ф. фон Крузе, М.П. Погодин.
Anna A. Maslova – Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9643-668X
avonavi.anie@gmail.com
The article examines the activities of the censor of the Moscow Censorship Committee N.F. von Kruse. For the first time in Russian historiography, the author uses Kruse’s letters stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library as a source. These “personal texts” made it possible to clarify Kruse’s contribution to the development of Russian journalism on the eve of the “great reforms”, at the beginning of the “glasnost” during the time of Alexander II. The scientific originality of the article also consists in the author’s approach of studying Kruse’s censorship activities through determining the specific features of his interaction with the authors and publishers. The main attention is paid to the particular censorship regulations of manuscripts introduced during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I as compared to Kruse’s working methods. The author comes to the conclusion that the constructive approach which Censor Kruse practiced in his work led to productive cooperation with authors and publishers, contributed to fruitful results in their activities and the expansion of the boundaries for press freedom in Russia. Although the transitional period of the first years of the reign of Alexander II, on which Kruse’s activities fell, did not yet bring about new, more liberal censorship regulations, a public statement was already made about the necessity of abolishing serfdom from above. This change in the government’s course, as well as Kruse’s personal civic courage, gradually opened the way to Alexander II’s “glasnost”.
Publishing, freedom of the press, censorship, censorship policy, censorship regulations, censorship committee, “Great reforms”, peasant reform, intellectual history, N.F. von Kruse, M.P. Pogodin.
References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
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(Monographs)
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DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_26
Лиджиева И.В. Пути хозяйственного развития Калмыцкой степи в
оценках столичных чиновников (последняя треть XIX – начало XX веков)
Lidzhieva I.V. The Ways to the Economic Development of the Kalmyk Steppe
in the Estimation of the Capital’s Officials (the Last Third of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries)
Лиджиева Ирина Владимировна – докт. ист. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Южный научный центр, Российская академия наук (Ростов-на-Дону)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5699-1021
irina-lg@yandex.ru
В статье на основе архивных документов впервые в отечественной историографии рассматриваются оценки хозяйственного развития Калмыцкой степи, которые содержатся в отчетах чиновников по особым поручениям, написанных в последней трети XIX – начале XX вв. Присланные в Астраханскую губернию Министерством государственных имуществ или Министерством внутренних дел с целью обследования Калмыцкой степи, эти высокопоставленные чиновники давали рекомендации по совершенствованию системы управления на территории Калмыцкой степи и перспективами хозяйственной деятельности ее населения. Особое внимание в статье уделяется анализу их оценок и предложений относительно сохранения традиционного способа ведения хозяйства – кочевого скотоводства – как основного источника благосостояния калмыцкого населения. Оценки и предложения, которые чиновники по особым поручениям давали своим министерствам, как правило основывались на научных фактах, включая географическое положение и климатические условия Калмыкии, которые не способствуют развитию пашенного земледелия и, соответственно, переходу на оседлость. Кроме того, они убедительно подкреплялись мнением самих калмыков-кочевников, основанном на многолетнем опыте жизнедеятельности в суровых степных условиях. Однако эти оценки и предложения шли в разрез с правительственной политикой, направленной на интеграцию калмыков-кочевников в общероссийское социально-экономическое пространство, то есть их переход к оседлому образу жизни и занятию хлебопашеством. Автор приходит к выводу, что оценки и предложения чиновников по особым поручениям подтолкнули правительство к переоценке мнения относительно благотворности для калмыков перехода к оседлому образу жизни, к учету традиционного опыта жизнедеятельности местного населения.
Калмыки, Калмыцкая степь, скотоводство, кочевой образ жизни, оседлый образ жизни, земледелие, орошение, министерство, чиновничество, ревизия, Астраханская губерния.
Irina V. Lidzhieva – Doctor of History, Leading Researcher, Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (Rostov-on-Don, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5699-1021
irina-lg@yandex.ru
Based on archival documents, for the first time in Russian historiography, the article examines the estimates of the economic development of the Kalmyk Steppe, which are contained in the reports of officials “on special assignments” written in the last third of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Sent to the Astrakhan province by the Ministry of State Property or the Ministry of Internal Affairs to survey the Kalmyk Steppe, these high-ranking officials gave their recommendations on improving the management system on the territory of the Kalmyk Steppe and the prospects of economic activity of its population. Special attention is paid to the analysis of their estimates and proposals regarding the preservation of the traditional way of farming – nomadic cattle breeding – as the main source of welfare of the Kalmyk population. The estimates and proposals that the officials on special assignments gave to their ministries were normally based on scientific facts, including the geographical location and climatic conditions of Kalmykia, which do not provide for the development of arable farming and, accordingly, the transition to sedentariness. In addition, they were convincingly supported by the opinion of the Kalmyk nomads themselves, based on many years of life experience in the severe steppe conditions. However, their estimation was at odds with the government policy aimed at integrating the Kalmyk nomads into the all-Russian socio-economic space, that is, their transition to a sedentary lifestyle and farming. The author comes to the conclusion that the estimates and proposals made by the officials on special assignments prompted the government to reassess its opinion about the benefits of the transition to a sedentary lifestyle for the Kalmyks, taking into account the traditional life experience of the local population.
Kalmykia, Kalmyk Steppe, cattle breeding, nomadic lifestyle, sedentary lifestyle, agriculture, irrigation, ministry, officialdom, inspection, Astrakhan Province.
References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
1. Amayeva, D.V. Kalmytskaya step: perekhod na osedlost i krestyanskaya kolonizatsiya [The Kalmyk Steppe: Transition to Settlement and Peasant Colonization.]. Science Time [Digital Journal], 2014, no. 11, pp. 8–12. (In Russian).
2. Badmayeva, E.N. Problema vodoobespecheniya v usloviyakh kochevogo sposoba khozyaystvovaniya (na primere Kalmytskoy stepi v kontse XIX – nachale XX v.) [The Problem of Water Supply in the Nomadic Way of Management (On the Example of the Kalmyk Steppe in the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries).]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020, no. 457, pp. 85–93. (In Russian).
3. Batyrov, V.V. K voprosu o zhizneobespechenii kalmykov vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka [On the Question of the Means of Support for the Kalmyks in the Second Half of the 19th Century.]. Problemy etnicheskoy istorii i kultury tyurko-mongolskikh narodov, 2016, no. 4, pp. 168–173. (In Russian).
4. Belousov, S.S. Vliyaniye prirodnogo faktora na gosudarstvennuyu pereselencheskuyu politiku na kalmytskikh zemlyakh (1840 – 1870 gg.) [The Influence of the Natural Factor on the State Resettlement Policy in the Kalmyk Lands (1840s – 1870s).]. Bylyye gody [Digital Journal], 2019, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1576–1583. (In Russian).
5. Filimonov, A.V. Rol chinovnikov osobykh porucheniy v realizatsii pereselencheskoy politiki na primere A.A. Stankevicha [The Role of Special Assignments Officials in the Implementation of the Resettlement Policy on the Example of A.A. Stankevich.]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2016, no. 407, pp. 156–159. (In Russian).
6. Goryayev, M.S. and Avliyev, V.N. Khozyaystvennaya deyatelnost naseleniya Kalmytskoy stepi (vtoraya polovina XVIII – pervaya polovina XIX veka) [The Economic Activity of the Population of the Kalmyk Steppe (Second Half of the 18th – First Half of the 20th Centuries).]. Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya [Digital Journal], 2015, no. 2-1, p. 600. (In Russian).
7. Komandzhayev, A.N. and Andropov, A.N. Razvitiye selskogo khozyaystva v Kalmykii vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka [The Development of Agriculture in Kalmykia in the Second Half of the 19th Century.]. Vestnik Kalmytskogo universiteta, 2013, no. 1 (17), pp. 56–63. (In Russian).
8. Komandzhayev, A.N., Matsakova, N.P. and Muzrayeva, E.Sh. Obrochnyye stati Kalmytskoy stepi Astrakhanskoy gubernii v kontse XIX v. po materialam otchetnoy dokumentatsii regionalnykh organov upravleniya [Taxes in Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Province in the Late 19th Century.]. Vestnik Kalmytskogo universiteta, 2018, no. 4 (40), pp. 16–23. (In Russian).
9. Lidzhiyeva, I.V. Kochevyye inorodtsy Yuga Rossii: vospriyatiye v kontekste “upravlentsy – upravlyayemyye” v XIX v. [Nomadic Inorodtsy of the South of Russia: Perception in the 19th Century in the Context of “Managers and Managed”.]. Vestnik arkhivista, 2021, no. 3, pp. 687–698. (In Russian).
10. Matkhanova, N.P. Chinovniki osobykh porucheniy v sisteme upravleniya Vostochnoy Sibiri XIX v. [Special Duties Officials in the Public Administration System of Eastern Siberia of the 19th Century.]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, 2022, vol. 41, pp. 14–21. (In Russian).
11. Pyltsina, M.V. Problema uchrezhdeniya Ministerstva zemledeliya i gosudarstvennykh imushchestv v Rossii [The Problem of the Establishment of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property in Russia.]. Pravo i politika [Digital Journal], 2016, no. 1, pp. 136–140. (In Russian).
12. Voronov, I.I. Ministerstvo zemledeliya v epokhu Nikolaya I (1837 – 1856 gg.) [The Department of Agriculture in the Epoch of Nicholas the First (1837 – 1856).]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2013, no. 12 (161), pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_48
Хаминов Д.В. Организация новых университетов в Азиатской части
СССР как выстраивание центр-периферийных отношений (вторая половина 1960-х – первая половина 1970-х годов)
Khaminov D.V. The Establishment of New Universities in the Asian Part of the
USSR as a Building Block of Center-Periphery Relations (the Second Half of the 1960s – the First Half of the 1970s)
Хаминов Дмитрий Викторович – докт. ист. наук, доцент, Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники (Томск)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9992-0856
khaminov@mail.ru
Высшая школа любой страны и ее региональные научно-образовательные комплексы являются драйверами многих экономических, социально-культурных и других процессов. Ведущая роль здесь всегда принадлежала университетам как сосредоточению образования, науки, практик мировоззренческих ретрансляторов, имеющих также тесную связь с народным хозяйством. В СССР наиболее ярко эта роль университетов проявлялась не в центре, а на периферии. Важные вехи в развитии Азиатской России были связаны с университетами, начиная с последней четверти XIX в., с появлением первого университета в Азиатской России, и заканчивая 1970-ми годами – с расширением университетской сети в контексте последнего модернизационного рывка СССР. В статье впервые в отечественной историографии актуализируется исследовательская задача выявить основные тенденции и содержание крупнейшей советской «университезации» высшей школы и определить ее влияние на периферийные регионы. Методологической новизной исследования стало комплексное применение к материалу отечественной науки и высшего образования, взятому в макрорегиональном ракурсе, нескольких исследовательских стратегий: теории модернизации и концепции «центр-периферийных отношений», с выделением внутри последней общегосударственной и периферийной систем таких отношений. Автору удалось выделить внутреннюю периферию азиатского макро-региона, проявившуюся в выстраивании «центр-периферийных» отношений между «старыми» и «новыми» университетами; определить три основные траектории создания новых университетов с анализом их специфики; выявить «третью роль» университетов и охарактеризовать критерии их влияния на регионы.
Высшая школа, образовательная политика, педагогический институт, университет, модернизация, периферия, Азиатская Россия.
Dmitriy V. Khaminov – Doctor of History, Associate Professor, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (Tomsk, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9992-0856
khaminov@mail.ru
The higher school of any country and its regional scientific and educational complexes are the drivers of many economic, socio-cultural and other processes. The leading role here has always belonged to universities as a focus of education, science, and worldview transmission practices, which also have a close connection with the national economy. In the USSR, this role of universities was most clearly manifested on the periphery, rather than in the center. Important milestones in the development of Asian Russia were associated with universities, starting in the last quarter of the 19th century with the appearance of the first university in Asian Russia, and ending in the 1970s – with the expansion of the university network in the context of the last modernization breakthrough of the USSR. For the first time in Russian historiography, the article undertakes the research task of identifying the main trends and content of the largest Soviet “universityfication” of higher education and determining its impact on peripheral regions. The methodological novelty of the study is the complex application of several research strategies to the material of Russian science and higher education, seen from a macro-regional perspective: the theory of modernization and the concept of “center-peripheral relations”, with the latter being differentiated into national and peripheral systems of such relations. The author identifies the inner periphery of the Asian macro-region, manifested in the building of “center-peripheral” relations between “old” and “new” universities, determines the three main trajectories of the creation of new universities with an analysis of their specific features, specifies the “third role” of universities and characterizes the criteria of their influence on the regions.
Higher school, educational policy, pedagogical institute, university, modernization, periphery, Asian Russia.
References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
1. Ilin, A.A. Proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee sovetskogo vuza: Yubileynye istorii vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy 1930 – 1980-kh godov [Past, Present and Future of the Soviet University: Jubilee Histories of Higher Education Institutions in the 1930s – 1980s.]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4: Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2020, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 93–102. (In Russian).
2. Kail, M.V. Iz istorii stanovleniya universitetskogo obrazovaniya v sovetskoy provintsii [From the History of University Education Formation in the Soviet Provinces.]. Voprosy obrazovaniya, 2013, no. 1, pp. 256–272. (In Russian).
3. Kanishchev, V.V. and Budyukina, N.N. Trudnyy start: K istorii Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 1918 – 1921 gg. [Difficult Start: On History of Tambov State University of 1918 – 1921.]. Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki, 2013, no. 4 (120), pp. 9–22. (In Russian).
4. Konokhova, A.S. “I nam v otvet razdayutsya naznacheniya po gorodam oblastnogo znacheniya”: Sistema raspredeleniya vypusknikov vuzov v SSSR v gody khrushchevskoy “ottepeli” [“We Receive Appointments to the Backwoods Towns”: Graduates’ Job Placement in USSR during the “Thaw” Period.]. Noveyshaya istoriya Rossii, 2012, no. 3 (5), pp. 233–242. (In Russian).
5. Konokhova, A.S. “Ob ukreplenii svyazi vysshey shkoly s zhiznyu” (reforma sistemy vysshego obrazovaniya SSSR v 1958 g.) [“On Strengthening the Connection between Higher School and Life” (Reform of the Higher Education System of the USSR in 1958).]. Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina, 2015, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 126–134. (In Russian).
6. Kupershtokh, N.A. Osnovnye tendentsii v razvitii vysshego obrazovaniya Sibiri v pervye desyatiletiya XXI v. [The Main Trends of the Higher Education Development in Siberia in the First Decades of the 21st Century.]. Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri, 2022, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 91–98. (In Russian).
7. Kupershtokh, N.A. Transformatsii v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniya Sibiri v 1990-e gg. [Transformations in the Higher Education System of Siberia in the 1990s.]. Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri, 2021, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 107–115. (In Russian).
8. Petrik, V.V. Osobennosti razvitiya vysshego tekhnicheskogo obrazovaniya v Sibiri vo vtoroy polovine 60-kh gg. XX v. [Features of Higher Technical Education Development in Siberia in the Second Half of the 1960s.]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2018, no. 435, pp. 143–148. (In Russian).
9. Petrik, V.V. Professorsko-prepodavatelskiy sostav vysshey shkoly Sibiri: Tendentsii razvitiya i regionalnoe izmerenie (konets 50-kh – nachalo 90-kh gg. XX v.) [The Structure of the Teaching Staff of Higher School of Siberia: Tendencies of Development and Regional Measurement (the End of the 50s – the Beginning of the 90s of the 20th Century).]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, 2007, no. 1 (1), pp. 49–80. (In Russian).
10. Petrik, V.V. Sistema upravleniya vysshey shkoloy v kontse 50-kh – nachale 90-kh godov XX veka (na primere vuzov Sibirskogo regiona) [The System of Higher School Management at the End of the 50s – the Beginning of the 90s of the 20th Century (Illustrated by the Examples of Higher Schools of Siberian Region)]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2005, no. 289, pp. 168–176. (In Russian).
11. Sveshnikov, A.V. Samoekspertiza sovetskogo universiteta epokhi pozdnego sotsializma [The Internal Review of the Soviet University during the Era of Late Socialism.] Neprikosnovennyy zapas. Debaty o politike i culture, 2017, no. 3 (113), pp. 274–293. (In Russian).
12. Zipunnikova, N.N. Universitetskiy vek: Istoriko-pravovye zametki k 100-letiyu Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo yuridicheskogo universiteta [The University Age: Historical and Legal Notes to the Centenary of the Ural State Law University.]. Rossiyskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka, 2018, № 5 (107), pp. 4–14. (In Russian).
(Monographs)
13. Petrik, V.V. Vysshaya shkola Sibiri v kontse 50-kh – nachale 90-kh godov XX veka [Higher School of Siberia at the End of the 50s – the Beginning of the 90s of the 20th Century.]. Tomsk, 2006, 646 p. (In Russian).
14. Shafranov-Kutsev, G.F. Universitet i region [The University and Its Region.]. Tyumen, 1997, 222 p. (In Russian).
DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_63
Российская повседневность
Everyday Life in Russia
Ипполитов С.С. «Полежать на теплой печи брюхом»: Медицинское
просвещение в России пушкинской поры
Ippolitov S.S. “To Lie Belly Down on a Warm Oven”: Medical Enlightenment
in the Russia of Pushkin’s Time
Ипполитов Сергей Сергеевич – докт. ист. наук,
– Российский научно-исследовательский институт культурного и природного наследия им. Д.С. Лихачева (Москва);
– Российская государственная академия интеллектуальной собственности (Москва);
– Государственный научно-исследовательский институт реставрации (Москва)
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3564-4271
nivestnik@yandex.ru
Статья посвящена истории медицинского просвещения в Российской империи в первой половине XIX в. На основе архивных документов и различных опубликованных источников исследуется правительственная политика в области медицинского просвещения, болезни и их лечение как составная часть повседневной жизни обывателя пушкинской эпохи, суеверия и обычаи в лечении болезней, деятельность профессиональных врачей и знахарей в восприятии населения. Автор приходит к выводу, что, несмотря на суеверные истолкования болезни и понимание способов ее лечения, которые в XIX в. часто появлялись на страницах специализированных изданий, медицинское просвещение набирало силу и постепенно проникало в сознание обывателей Российской империи. Охватившие страну эпидемии холеры способствовали пробуждению интереса к профилактике заболеваний и охране здоровья. Постепенно разумные идеи и достижения современной медицины в области гигиены и санитарии, а также здорового образа жизни, в понимании современников первой половины XIX в., проникали в среду образованного и имущего класса. Отголоски этих знаний достигали и крестьянской среды. Целенаправленная правительственная политика по пропаганде современных медицинских взглядов и рекомендаций, безусловно, играла в этом процессе свою положительную роль.
Здравоохранение, медицинское просвещение, Министерство внутренних дел, эпидемия, холера, карантин, врач, знахарь, суеверие, А.С. Пушкин.
Sergey S. Ippolitov – Doctor of History,
– Likhachev Russian Research Institute For Cultural and Natural Heritage (Moscow, Russia);
– Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property (Moscow, Russia);
– State Research Institute for Restoration (Moscow, Russia)
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3564-4271
nivestnik@yandex.ru
The article is devoted to the history of medical enlightenment in the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. The government policy in the field of medical enlightenment, diseases and their treatment as an integral part of the everyday life of the inhabitant of the Pushkin era, superstitions and customs in the treatment of diseases, the activities of professional doctors and healers in the perception of the population are investigated on the basis of archival documents and various published sources. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the superstitious interpretations of the disease and understanding of its treatment methods, which were often revealed on the pages of specialized publications in the 19th century, medical enlightenment gained strength and gradually penetrated the consciousness of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire. The cholera epidemic that swept the country helped to arouse interest in disease prevention and health protection. Gradually, reasonable ideas and achievements of modern medicine in the field of hygiene and sanitation, as well as a healthy lifestyle, as they were comprehended by the contemporaries in the first half of the 19th century, penetrated into the environment of the educated and propertied class. Echoes of this knowledge reached the peasants’ life. The government’s targeted policy aimed at promoting modern medical views and recommendations, definitely, played a positive role in this process.
Healthcare, medical enlightenment, Ministry of Internal Affairs, epidemic, cholera, quarantine, doctor, healer, superstition, A.S. Pushkin.
References
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
1. Egorysheva, I.V. Gosudarstvennaya politika v svyazi s pervymi epidemiyami kholery v Rossii (1823, 1829 – 1831) [State Policy during the First Cholera Epidemic in Russia (1823, 1829 – 1831).]. Byulleten Natsionalnogo nauchno-issledovatelskogo instituta obshchestvennogo zdorovya imeni N.A. Semashko, 2022, no. 1-2, pp. 160–165. (In Russian).
2. Oleynikova, V.S. Pervaya popytka vvedeniya prepodavaniya meditsinskikh distsiplin v dukhovnykh akademiyakh i seminariyakh [The First Attempt of Introducing of Teaching of Medical Disciplines in Theological Academies and Seminaries.]. Problemy sotsialnoy gigieny, zdravookhraneniya i istorii meditsiny, 2016, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 317–320. (In Russian).
3. Pushkareva, N.L. and Mitsyuk, N.A. Povivalnyye babki v istorii meditsiny Rossii (XVIII – ser. XIX v.) [Midwives in the History of Medicine in Russia, 18th – Mid. 19th Centuries.).]. Vestnik Smolenskoy gosudarstvennoy meditsinskoy akademii, 2018, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 179–189. (In Russian).
4. Smirnova, E.M. Feldsherskiy personal v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii (po materialam Yaroslavskoy gubernii) [Paramedics Staff in Pre-Revolutionary Russia (Based on the Materials of Yaroslavl Province).]. European Social Science Journal, 2014, no. 4-2 (43), pp. 365–371. (In Russian).
5. Smirnova, E.M. Materialnoe obespechenie grazhdanskikh vrachey rossiyskoy provintsii v XIX – nachale XX veka [The Material Provisioning of Civilian Doctors of Provincial Russia in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries.]. Vrach, 2014, no. 11, pp. 84–87. (In Russian).
6. Smirnova, E.M. Sovremennaya istoricheskaya literatura o razvitii meditsiny i zdravookhraneniya v Rossiyskoy imperii [Modern Historical Literature on the Development of Medicine and Healthcare in the Russian Empire.]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Istoriya. Filologiya. Kulturologiya. Vostokovedenie, 2013, no. 10 (111), pp. 198–213. (In Russian).
7. Smirnova, E.M. Zhenshchina v meditsine: ternistyy put k vrachebnomu zvaniyu [The Woman in Medicine: A Thorny Path into the Medical Ranks.]. Istoriya v podrobnostyakh, 2012, no. 11 (29), pp. 52–59. (In Russian).
8. Tarasova, I.A. Deyatelnost Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Rossiyskoy imperii po organizatsii protivoepidemicheskikh meropriyatiy v pervoy polovine XIX veka [The Activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire for the Organization of Anti-Epidemic Measures in the First Half of the 19th Century.]. Probely v rossiyskom zakonodatelstve, 2012, no. 5, pp. 179–183. (In Russian).
(Monographs)
9. Smirnova, E.M. Vrachevanie i miloserdie: Zdravookhranenie Yaroslavskoy gubernii v XVIII – seredine XIX vv. [Doctoring and Mercy: Healthcare in Yaroslavl Province in the 18th – mid-19th Centuries.]. Yaroslavl, 2011, 175 p. (In Russian).
DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_84
Память культуры
Cultural Memory
Медведь А.Н. Дерево и камень: Об укреплениях Смоленского кремля
второй половины XVI – начала XVII веков
Medved A.N. Wood and Stone: The Smolensk Kremlin Fortifications of the
Second Half of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries
Смоленский Кремль, сооруженный по проекту Ф. Коня в конце XVI в., достаточно хорошо изучен исследователями истории фортификации и архитектуры. При этом изучение укреплений, предшествующих каменному Кремлю в Смоленске, началось относительно недавно – в конце XX – начале XXI вв. Именно в это время более ранние укрепления стали изучаться археологами. Статья посвящена анализу современных гипотез о происхождении и конструкции древо-земляных укреплений Смоленска второй половины XVI – начала XVII вв., времен Смуты и польской интервенции. Автором статьи предлагается иная интерпретация некоторых из этих гипотез. На основе описаний укреплений Смоленска периода польской осады 1610 г. впервые делается предположение о том, что каменные стены, частично разрушенные польским войском, позже могли дополняться деревянными укреплениями. Автор отмечает, что описание смоленских укреплений как земляных стен с использованием плетневых конструкций, сделанное послом Папы Римского Антонио Поссевино в 1580-е гг., может совпадать с описанием подобных сооружений, содержащихся в итальянских трактатах по фортификации начала XVII в. Приведены упоминания таких трактатов, ранее не введенные в научный оборот в отечественной историографии. Делается вывод о том, что некоторые деревянные укрепления Смоленского Кремля начала XVII в. не связаны с более ранними фортификационными комплексами, описанными А. Поссевино.
Московское государство, Смута, Смоленск, Смоленский Кремль, крепость, фортификация, археологические раскопки, встреча культур, А. Поссевино.
Aleksandr N. Medved – Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow, Russia) The Smolensk Kremlin built according to the project of F. Kon at the end of the 16th century has been well studied by researchers of the history of fortification and architecture. At the same time, the study of the fortifications preceding the stone Kremlin in Smolensk began relatively recently: in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. It was at this time that the earlier fortifications began to be studied by archaeologists. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern hypotheses about the origin and construction of the wood and earth fortifications of Smolensk in the second half of the 16th – early 17th centuries, the time of the Turmoil and the Polish intervention. The author of the article offers a different interpretation of some of these hypotheses. Based on the descriptions of the fortifications of Smolensk during the Polish siege of 1610, an assumption is made that the stone walls, partially destroyed by the Polish army, could have been later supplemented with wooden fortifications. The author notes that the description of the Smolensk fortifications as earthen walls using wattle structures, made by the Papal ambassador Antonio Possevino in the 1580s, may coincide with the description of similar structures contained in Italian treatises on fortification dating back to the early 17th century. References to such treatises that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation in Russian historiography are given. It is concluded that some wooden fortifications of the Smolensk Kremlin at the beginning of the 17th century are not related to the earlier fortification complexes described by A. Possevino.
Muscovy, Turmoil, Smolensk, Smolensk Kremlin, fortress, fortification, archaeological excavations, meeting of cultures, Antonio Possevino.
References 1. Ershov, I.N., Krenke, N.A. and Ganichev, K.A. K voprosu o trassirovke i datirovke srednevekovykh oboronitelnykh sooruzheniy Smolenska v rayone Avraamiyevskogo monastyrya [Laying-out and Dating of Medieval Defensive Constructions near the Avraamy Transfiguration Monastery in Smolensk.]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii, 2020, no. 260, pp. 340–354. (In Russian).
(Monographs) 12. Pronin, G.N. and Sobol, V.E. Oboronitelnyye ukrepleniya Smolenska kontsa XVI – XVII vv. u Molokhovskikh vorot [Smolensk Defensive Fortifications near the Molokhovsky Gate (End of the 16th – 17th Centuries).]. Smolensk, 2012, 117 p. (In Russian).
DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_99
Агапов В.Л., Бутырин Д.А. Дело полковника Лединга: Полиция и
китайский преступный мир во Владивостоке начала XX века Агапов Вадим Львович – докт. ист. наук, доцент, Дальневосточный федеральный университет (Владивосток) Бутырин Дмитрий Александрович – кандидат культурологии, доцент, Дальневосточный федеральный университет (Владивосток) В статье рассказывается история службы полковника Генриха Ивановича Лединга (1864 – 1917), офицера пехоты и кавалерии, полицмейстера русской крепости Порт-Артур и города Владивостока. Архивные документы и газетные статьи позволили проследить его военную карьеру, показать его участие в Русско-японской и Первой мировой войнах. Особое внимание уделено деятельности Г.И. Лединга на посту полицмейстера Владивостока (1905 – 1914 гг.), его вкладу в развитие аппарата городской полиции и совершенствование методов полицейской работы, в сохранение чистоты и порядка на улицах города, в борьбу с незаконным китайским предпринимательством. Рассмотрение нашумевшего в свое время судебного «Дела о чинах владивостокской полиции» (1910 г.) позволило установить истинную роль Г.И. Лединга в разразившемся коррупционном скандале. Проведенное авторами историческое расследование показало, что владивостокский полицмейстер добросовестно пытался бороться с коррупцией, однако ему неоткуда было взять честных, неподкупных полицейских: при перегруженности обязанностями, при постоянном риске для здоровья и жизни, при невысоком жалованье желающих служить в городской полиции находилось очень мало. А те, кто поступал на службу, всегда испытывали соблазн использовать служебное положение в целях улучшения своего материального положения. Г.И. Лединг активно добивался повышения жалованья полицейских, улучшения условий их жизни и службы, однако преуспел в этом лишь частично. Зато в борьбе со злоупотреблениями и вымогательством своих подчиненных он нажил себе много врагов, что оказало пагубное влияние на его карьеру.
Дальний Восток, Владивосток, Департамент полиции, полиция, охранное отделение, полицейский, китайцы, азартные игры, коррупция, преступность, донос, судебный процесс.
Vadim L. Agapov – Doctor of History, Associate Professor, Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok, Russia) Dmitriy A. Butyrin – Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor, Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok, Russia) The article investigates the story of the service of Colonel Genrich Ivanovich Leding (1864 – 1917), an infantry and cavalry office, the police chief of the Russian fortress of Port Arthur and the city of Vladivostok. The archival documents and newspaper articles trace his military career and show his participation in the Russian-Japanese and the First World Wars. Special attention is paid to the activities of G.I. Leding as the police chief of Vladivostok (1905 – 1914), his contribution to the development of the city police and the improvement of police working methods, to the preservation of cleanliness and order on the streets of the city, and to the fight against illegal Chinese entrepreneurship. By looking into the then high-profile “case on the ranks of the Vladivostok police” (1910) the authors establish the true role of G.I. Leding in the corruption scandal that broke out. The historical investigation conducted by the authors showed that the Vladivostok police chief tried in good faith to combat corruption. However, incorruptible and honest policemen were nowhere to find: being overloaded with duties, in constant risk to their health and life, with a low salary, those willing to serve in the city police were but few. And those who were employed were always tempted to use their official position in order to improve their financial situation. G.I. Leding actively sought to increase the salaries of the police officers, improve the conditions of their life and service, but only partially succeeded in it. Instead, while fighting against abuse and extortion on the part of his subordinates, he made a lot of enemies, which had a detrimental effect on his career.
Russian Far East, Vladivostok, Police Department (of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), police, Security Department (Okhranka), police officer, Chinese,
gambling, corruption, criminality, denunciation, trial. References 1. Agapov, V.L. “Chestnomu cheloveku sluzhit v politsii v Priamurskom krae – nevozmozhno...”: Istoriya sluzhby i uvolneniya Khabarovskogo politsmeystera Tautsa [“It’s Impossible for an Honest Man to Serve in the Police in the Amur Region…” The History of Service and Dismissal of the Khabarovsk Police Chief Tauts.]. Sotsialnye i gumanitarnye nauki na Dalnem Vostoke, 2017, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 148–155. (In Russian).
(Essays, Articles, and Papers
from Books, Proceedings, and Research Collections) 9. Grennan, S. Historical Perspective of Police Corruption in New York City. Police Misconduct: A Reader for the 21st Century / Ed. by M.J. Palmiotto. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall, 2001, pp. 117–131. (In English).
(Monographs) 10. Oleynikov, A.V. Uspeshnye generaly zabytoy voyny [The Successful Generals of a Forgotten War.]. Moscow, 2014, 318 p. (In Russian).
DOI: 10.54770/20729286_2022_4_111
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9924-5849
man1153@ya.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9924-5849
man1153@ya.ru
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
2. Koval, V.Yu. K poiskam “italyanskogo sleda” v drevo-zemlyanoy fortifikatsii Rusi [Searching the “Italian Trace” in the Wood and Earth Fortification of the Medieval Russia.]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii, 2022, no. 267, pp. 410–418. (In Russian).
3. Koval, V.Yu. O fortifikatsii srednevekovogo Smolenska [On the Fortification of Medieval Smolensk.]. Kray Smolenskiy, 2019, no. 2, pp. 107–110. (In Russian).
4. Koval, V.Yu. Problemy izucheniya drevo-zemlyanoy fortifikatsii srednevekovogo Smolenska [Problems of Studying the Earth-and-Timber Fortifications of the Medieval Smolensk.]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 8: Istoriya, 2020, no. 4, pp. 132–160. (In Russian).
5. Koval, V.Yu. Snova o fortifikatsii Smolenska v XVI veke [Again about the Fortification of Smolensk in the 16th Century.]. Arkheologiya Podmoskovya, 2022, no. 18, pp. 164–173. (In Russian).
6. Medved, A.N. Drevo-zemlyanyye ukrepleniya v Italii XVI v. – stanovleniye traditsii [Wood and Earth Fortifications in 16th-Century Italy – Establishment of the Tradition.]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii, 2022, no. 267, pp. 396–409. (In Russian).
7. Nosov, K.S. Italyanskoye vliyaniye na russkoye oboronitelnoye zodchestvo [The Italian Influence on Russian Defensive Architecture.]. Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, 2009, no. 5, pp. 46–51. (In Russian).
8. Nosov, K.S. Italyantsy i “italyanizmy” v russkom voyennom zodchestve: Vklad inostrannykh masterov v stroitelstvo krepostey i drugikh oboronitelnykh sooruzheniy Velikogo knyazhestva Moskovskogo (konets XV – pervaya polovina XVI v.) [Italians and “Italianisms” in Russian Military Architecture: The Contribution of Foreign Masters to the Building of Fortresses and Other Defensive Installations of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy (End of the 15th Century – First Half of the 16th Century).]. Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, 2020, no. 3, pp. 84–93. (In Russian).
9. Nosov, K.S. Oboronitelnyye sooruzheniya Moskovskogo Kremlya epokhi pravleniya Ivana III: Istoriko-arkhitekturnyy ocherk [The Defensive Structures of the Moscow Kremlin in the Reign of Ivan III: A Historical and Architectural Essay.]. Voyenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, 2020, no. 10, pp. 62–74. (In Russian).
10. Nosov, K.S. and Medved, A.N. Dve kreposti Petroka Malogo – Sebezh i Pronsk, 1535 god. Fakty i predpolozheniya [Two Fortresses by Petrok Maloy – Sebezh, and Pronsk, 1535. Facts and Assumptions.]. Arkheologiya Podmoskovya, 2020, no. 16, pp. 415–424. (In Russian).
11. Pepper, S. Sword and Spade: Military Construction in Renaissance Italy. Construction History, 2000, vol. 16, pp. 16–32. (In English).
13. Sapozhnikov, N.V. Istoricheskaya topografiya Drevnego Smolenska [Historical Topography of Medieval Smolensk]. Smolensk, 2016, 192 p. (In Russian).
События и судьбы
Landmarks in Human History
Agapov V.L., Butyrin D.A. The Case of Colonel Leding: The Police and the
Chinese Criminal World in Vladivostok at the Beginning of the 20th Century
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2540-133X
agapov_vl@mail.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9458-8567
etovab33@mail.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2540-133X
agapov_vl@mail.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9458-8567
etovab33@mail.ru
(Articles from Scientific Journals)
2. Agapov, V.L. Politseyskie, prostitutki i gazetchiki: Sluzhebnye budni Nikolsk-Ussuriyskoy politsii nakanune Pervoy mirovoy voyny [The Police Officers, Prostitutes and Newsmen: Routine Practices of Municipal Police in Nikolsk-Ussuriisk on the Eve of the First World War.]. Novyy istoricheskiy vestnik, 2016, no. 1 (47), pp. 36–54. (In Russian).
3. Bykov, A.V. and Bykova, A.G. Prikazy Omskogo politsmeystera kak istochnik po istorii borby s korruptsiey v politsii v nachale XX v. [The Orders of the Omsk Police Chief as a Source on the History of the Fight against Police Corruption at the Beginning of the 20th Century.]. Vestnik arkhivista, 2014, no. 2, pp. 248–259. (In Russian).
4. Carter, D.L. Drug-related Corruption of Police Officers: A Contemporary Typology. Journal of Criminal Justice, 1990, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 85–98. (In English).
5. Datsyshen, V.G. Andreevskiy flag nad Port-Arturom [St. Andrew’s Flag over Port Arthur.] Aziya i Afrika segodnya, 1998, no. 3, pp. 65–68. (In Russian).
6. Izyumov, A.I. and Kosals, L.Ya. Issledovaniya politseyskoy korruptsii v razvitykh, razvivayushchikhsya i transformiruyushchikhsya stranakh kak chast problemy izucheniya neformalnoy ekonomicheskoy deyatelnosti politsii [Issues of Polices Informal Economic Activity: Studies of Police Corruption in Developed, Developing Countries and Countries in Transition.]. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya, 2010, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–125. (In Russian).
7. Kravtsova, M.V. Korruptsiya v politsii: transformatsiya otnosheniy s biznesom [Corruption in Police: Changes in Police-Entrepreneur Relations.]. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya, 2012, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 82–98. (In Russian).
8. Poznyak, T.Z. Kitayskie immigranty i korrumpirovannost chinovnikov na rossiyskom Dalnem Vostoke v nachale XX veka [Chinese Immigrants and the Corruption of Officials in the Russian Far East at the Beginning of the 20th Century.]. Oykumena. Regionovedcheskie issledovaniya, 2011, no. 3 (18), pp. 80–89. (In Russian).
11. Sherman, L.W. Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, 273 p. (In English).